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Kagerō-class destroyer

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Yukikaze in December 1939
Class overview
NameKagerō class
Operators
Preceded byAsashio class
Succeeded by
In commission
Planned18 (1937) + 4 (1939)
Completed19
Cancelled3 (the dummies for the naval budget of the Yamato-class battleships)
Lost18
Scrapped1
General characteristics
TypeDestroyer
Displacement
  • 2,000 long tons (2,032 t) standard
  • 2,500 long tons (2,540 t) battle condition
Length
  • 118.5 m (388 ft 9 in) full,
  • 116.2 m (381 ft 3 in) waterline
Beam10.8 m (35 ft 5 in)
Draught3.76 m (12 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
  • 3 × Kampon water-tube boilers,
  • 2 × Kanpon impulse turbines,
  • 2 × shafts, 52,000 shp (39,000 kW)
Speed35.5 knots (65.7 km/h; 40.9 mph)
Complement239 (Kagerō, 1939)
Armament

The Kagerō-class destroyers (陽炎型駆逐艦, Kagerō-gata Kuchikukan) were a class of nineteen 1st Class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during the 1930s, and operated by them during the Pacific War, where all but one were lost. They were also called the Shiranui-class destroyers (不知火型駆逐艦, Shiranui-gata Kuchikukan), because the second ship, Shiranui, was launched before the first ship, Kagerō.

The class was also one of a series called Destroyer Type-A (甲型駆逐艦, Kō-gata Kuchikukan) within the Imperial Japanese Navy from their plan name. At the time of introduction, these destroyers were among the deadliest destroyers afloat, primarily due to the excellent range and lethality of their "Long Lance" torpedoes.

Background

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Following on the success of the Asashio class, the Kagerō class was very similar in design, but was slightly larger and incorporated a number of improvements which had been gained through operational experience. It had a heavier main battery and much heavier torpedo armament than other contemporary foreign destroyer designs.[1] The first 15 ships of this class were ordered in 1937 under the 3rd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme and the final four vessels were ordered in 1939 under the 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme. The final vessel in the class, Akigumo, was sometimes mistaken for part of the succeeding Yūgumo class by immediate postwar historians due to confusion over the number of fictitious destroyers listed in the Japanese budgetary records in an effort to conceal the budget devoted to the secret Yamato-class battleships.

Design and description

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The Kagerō class used the same hull and bridge as the preceding Asashio class and had an almost identical silhouette. The main visual difference was that the reloads for the forward torpedo launcher were located in front of the launcher instead of to the rear.[1] The ships measured 118.5 meters (388 ft 9 in) overall, with a beam of 10.8 meters (35 ft 5 in) and a draft of 3.76 meters (12 ft 4 in).[2] They displaced 2,065 metric tons (2,032 long tons) at standard load and 2,529 metric tons (2,489 long tons) at deep load.[3] The displacement and beam were thus slightly larger than for the Asashio class, giving greater stability.[1]

Their crew numbered 240 officers and enlisted men. The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (39,000 kW) for a designed speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The ships had a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[4] Amatsukaze had an experimental boiler which developed a higher steam pressure, but this did not result in any increase in performance.[1]

Armament

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As built, the weapons suite of the Kagerō class was identical to that of the preceding Asashio class. The main battery consisted of six 5-inch 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval guns in three twin-gun turrets, one superfiring pair aft and one turret forward of the superstructure. The guns were capable of 55-degree elevation. The ships were also armed with eight 610-millimeter (24.0 in) torpedo tubes for the oxygen-fueled Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedo in two quadruple traversing mounts; one reload was carried for each tube.[3] Their anti-submarine weapons initially comprised 16 depth charges,[4] which was increased to 36 during the course of the Pacific War.

In terms of anti-aircraft capability, initially two twin-mount Type 96 AA guns were placed forward of the second smokestack. As the war progressed, the number of Type 96 guns was gradually increased. In 1942–1943, the twin mounts were replaced by triple mounts, and another twin mount was added forward of the bridge. From 1943 to 1944, on surviving vessels the superfiring "X" turret was removed and replaced by two more triple mounts. In late 1944, the seven surviving vessels were fitted with a varying number of additional guns. Isokaze and Hamakaze received seven single mounts, whereas Yukikaze received 14 single mounts and four Type 93 13 mm machine guns.[1]

Hamakaze became the first Japanese destroyer to be equipped with radar when a Type 22 set was installed in late 1942. The other vessels were equipped with radar as they rotated back to Japan for repair or refit. All seven vessels surviving in mid-1944 also received a Type 13 radar.[1]

Ships in class

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Construction data
Prog. no. Ship Kanji Shipyard Laid down Launched Completed Fate
17 Kagerō 陽炎 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 3 September 1937 27 September 1938 6 November 1939 Crippled by mine, finished off by air attack SW of Rendova (New Georgia Campaign), 8 May 1943 at 08°08′S 156°55′E / 8.133°S 156.917°E / -8.133; 156.917 (IJN Kagerō sunk in air attack, 8 May 1943)
18 Shiranui 不知火 Uraga Dock Company 30 August 1937 28 June 1938 20 December 1939 Air attack N of Iloilo, Panay, 27 October 1944 at 12°0′N 122°30′E / 12.000°N 122.500°E / 12.000; 122.500 (IJN Shiranui sunk in air attack, 27 October 1944)
19 Kuroshio 黒潮 Fujinagata Shipyards 31 August 1937 25 October 1938 27 January 1940 Mined leaving Vila, Kolombangara (New Georgia Campaign), 8 May 1943 at 08°08′S 156°55′E / 8.133°S 156.917°E / -8.133; 156.917 (IJN Kuroshio sunk by mine, 8 May 1943)
20 Oyashio 親潮 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 29 March 1938 29 November 1938 20 August 1940 Crippled by mine, finished off by air attack leaving Vila, Kolombangara (New Georgia Campaign), 8 May 1943 at 08°08′S 156°55′E / 8.133°S 156.917°E / -8.133; 156.917 (IJN Oyashio sunk by mine & air attack, 8 May 1943)
21 Hayashio 早潮 Uraga Dock Company 30 June 1938 19 April 1939 31 August 1940 Scuttled after air attack, Guna Bay (New Guinea Campaign), 24 November 1942 at 07°0′S 147°30′E / 7.000°S 147.500°E / -7.000; 147.500 (IJN Hayashio scuttled after air attack, 24 November 1942)
22 Natsushio 夏潮 Fujinagata Shipyards 9 December 1937 23 February 1939 31 August 1940 Torpedoed by USS S-37 S of Makassar, 9 February 1942 at 05°10′S 119°24′E / 5.167°S 119.400°E / -5.167; 119.400 (IJN Natsushio sunk by torpedo, 9 February 1942)
23 Hatsukaze 初風 Kawasaki-Kobe 3 December 1937 24 January 1939 15 February 1940 Sunk in Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, 2 November 1943 at 06°01′S 153°58′E / 6.017°S 153.967°E / -6.017; 153.967 (IJN Hatsukaze sunk in battle, 2 November 1943)
24 Yukikaze 雪風 Sasebo Naval Arsenal 2 August 1938 24 March 1939 20 January 1940 Surrendered to Republic of China on 6 July 1947 at Shanghai, renamed DD-12 Tan Yang (丹陽); scrapped 1970
25 Amatsukaze 天津風 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 14 February 1939 19 October 1939 26 October 1940 Damaged beyond repair by submarine USS Redfin, 10 January 1945, finished off by air attacks 6 April 1945 at 24°30′N 118°10′E / 24.500°N 118.167°E / 24.500; 118.167 (IJN Amatsukaze sunk by air attack, 6 April 1945)
26 Tokitsukaze 時津風 Uraga Dock Company 20 February 1939 10 November 1939 15 December 1940 Air attack SE of Finschhafen, 3 March 1943 at 07°16′S 148°15′E / 7.267°S 148.250°E / -7.267; 148.250 (IJN Urakaze sunk by air attack, 3 March 1943)
27 Urakaze 浦風 Fujinagata Shipyards 11 April 1939 19 April 1940 15 December 1940 Torpedoed by USS Sealion NNW of Keelung, Taiwan, 21 November 1944 at 26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383 (IJN Urakaze sunk by torpedo, 21 November 1944)
28 Isokaze 磯風 Sasebo Naval Arsenal 25 November 1938 19 June 1939 30 November 1940 Scuttled SW of Nagasaki following air attack, 7 April 1945 at 30°28′N 128°55′E / 30.46°N 128.92°E / 30.46; 128.92 (IJN Isokaze scuttled after air attack, 7 April 1945)
29 Hamakaze 浜風 Uraga Dock Company 20 November 1939 25 November 1940 30 June 1941 Air attack SW of Nagasaki, 7 April 1945 at 30°47′N 128°08′E / 30.783°N 128.133°E / 30.783; 128.133 (IJN Hamakaze sunk by air attack, 7 April 1945)
30 Tanikaze 谷風 Fujinagata Shipyards 18 October 1939 1 November 1940 25 April 1941 Torpedoed by USS Harder in Sibutu Passage, 9 June 1944 at 05°42′N 120°41′E / 5.700°N 120.683°E / 5.700; 120.683 (IJN Tanikaze sunk by torpedo, 9 June 1944)
31 Nowaki 野分 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 8 November 1939 17 September 1940 28 April 1941 Sunk in the aftermath of the Battle off Samar, 26 October 1944 at 13°0′N 124°54′E / 13.000°N 124.900°E / 13.000; 124.900 (IJN Nowaki sunk in battle, 26 October 1944)
32–34 — — — — — — The dummy for the naval budget of the Yamato-class battleships
112 Arashi 嵐 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 4 May 1939 22 April 1940 27 January 1941 Sunk in Battle of Vella Gulf (New Georgia Campaign), 6 August 1943 at 07°50′S 156°55′E / 7.833°S 156.917°E / -7.833; 156.917 (IJN Arashi sunk in battle, 6 August 1943)
113 Hagikaze 萩風 Uraga Dock Company 23 May 1939 18 June 1940 31 March 1941 Sunk in Battle of Vella Gulf, 6 August 1943 at 07°50′S 156°55′E / 7.833°S 156.917°E / -7.833; 156.917 (IJN Hagikaze sunk in battle, 6 August 1943)
114 Maikaze 舞風 Fujinagata Shipyards 22 April 1940 13 March 1941 15 July 1941 Sunk in surface action during Operation Hailstone at Truk, 17 February 1944 at 07°45′N 151°20′E / 7.750°N 151.333°E / 7.750; 151.333 (IJN Maikaze sunk in battle, 17 February 1944)
115 Akigumo 秋雲 Uraga Dock Company 2 July 1940 11 April 1941 27 September 1941 Torpedoed by USS Redfin SE of Zamboanga, Philippines, 11 April 1944 at 06°43′N 122°23′E / 6.717°N 122.383°E / 6.717; 122.383 (IJN Akigumo sunk by torpedo, 11 April 1944)

Operational history

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Seven out of the eleven destroyers of the Pearl Harbor strike force were of the Kagerō class. During the start of World War II for Japan, the Kagerō class took part in a large variety of convoy and carrier escorting duties, and the occasional shore bombardment, to support the invasion of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies. Notably, the Amatsukaze captured the port of Davao, bombarding the naval facilities to send back British machine gunners and destroying a British oil tanker in the process.[5] In the latter campaign, Natsushio became the first loss of the class when she was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS S-37, while the entirety of destroyer division 16 took part in the Battle of the Java Sea, where Tokitsukaze was damaged by a shell hit from the destroyer HMS Electra, but otherwise did not do anything of note, but in the battle's aftermath, Amatsukaze assisted in capturing the hospital ship Op Ten Noort.[6][7]

The careers of the Kagerō class began to pick up in March 1942 with the fall of the Dutch East Indies, with Nowaki and Arashi picking up an active role hunting down Allied warships attempting to escape to Australia, during which they together either sank or helped to sink the destroyer-minelayer hybrid HMS Stronghold, the gunboat USS Asheville, the sloop HMAS Yarra, three minesweepers, an oil tanker, four cargo ships, and a depot ship, alongside helping to capture three cargo ships.[8] Amatsukaze and Hatsukaze destroyed the Dutch submarine HNLMS K X before Amatsukaze and Yukikaze helped to sink the submarine USS Perch, Shiranui and Isokaze helped to sink the cargo ship Modjokerto, while Urakaze helped to sink the cargo ship Enggano.[9] From then on, a series of escorting duties ensued until the Battle of Midway, during which Kagerō-class destroyers escorted the aircraft carriers, invasion convoy, and battleship force. Particularly, Arashi attacked the submarine USS Nautilus, enabling Arashi to be spotted by an American aircraft and trailed to the location of the Japanese aircraft carriers, leading to a devastating victory in which all four Japanese carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk by American carrier-based aircraft. After the battle, Arashi's crew committed a war crime when they murdered the downed USS Yorktown pilot Ensign Wesley Osmus.[10]

After that blunder, it was off to the Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal campaigns, which saw much of the same service, but mixed with troop and supply transport missions, during which Arashi helped to sink the freighter Anshun, plus escorting carriers at the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz. In the latter battle, Akigumo assisted in finishing off the crippled and abandoned aircraft carrier USS Hornet. On November 13, Amatsukaze and Yukikaze fought in the first naval battle of Guadalcanal, and both became key players of the battle. With torpedo hits, Amatsukaze sank the destroyer USS Barton and helped to sink the light cruiser USS Juneau, before shelling the crippled heavy cruiser USS San Francisco, but in turn was blasted by the light cruiser USS Helena. She survived and withdrew to Truk.[11] In stark contrast, Yukikaze survived the battle completely undamaged, and for her part helped to sink the destroyer USS Cushing with gunfire, then sank the destroyer USS Laffey with a torpedo hit to her stern, before transporting survivors from the sunken battleship Hiei to Truk.[12] Two days later, Kagerō and Oyashio took part in a torpedo attack against the battleship USS Washington during the second naval battle of Guadalcanal, but inflicted no damage. On November 25, Hayashio was sunk by land-based aircraft, while on November 30, several ships of the class took part in the Battle of Tassafaronga, where Oyashio crippled the heavy cruiser USS Pensacola with a torpedo hit that flooded her engine room and disabled three of her four 8-inch (203 mm) gun turrets.[7]

With the start of 1943, Hatsukaze and Tokitsukaze sank the American torpedo boats PT-43 and PT-112, while Isokaze and Maikaze sank the submarine USS Argonaut, before both being damaged by American aircraft during Operation Ke. In March, Tokitsukaze was sunk by land-based aircraft during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. On May 8, Kagerō, Kuroshio, and Oyashio all ran into a minefield, Kuroshio blew up and sank instantly, while Kagerō and Oyashio were crippled and finished off by land-based aircraft.[7] In July, Tanikaze helped to sink the light cruiser USS Helena at the Battle of Kula Gulf, while Yukikaze and Hamakaze both served in the Battle of Kolombangara, where they combined torpedoes with two other destroyer to sink the destroyer USS Gwin and cripple the light cruisers USS Honolulu and USS St. Louis, while Yukikaze directly torpedoed the light cruiser HMNZS Leander, damaging her so badly she could not be repaired before the end of the war.[12][13] On August 7, Arashi and Hagikaze were sunk by gunfire and torpedoes from the destroyers USS Dunlap, Craven, and Maury at the Battle of Vella Gulf, then a week later Hamakaze and Isokaze both helped to defend a troop convoy against US destroyers at the Battle off Horaniu, both being damaged by one 5-inch (127 mm) shell hit, before Isokaze and Akigumo did the same at the battle of Vella Lavella on October 7. At the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, after being damaged in a collision, Hatsukaze was sunk by the destroyers USS Charles Ausburne, Claxton, Dyson, Stanly, and Spence. A small piece of Hatsukaze's bow returned to Rabaul lodged into the heavy cruiser Myōkō, later to be removed and scraped.[14][15][16]

In 1944, the height of the Kagerō class was over. They only scored one victory at the Battle off Samar, October 25, 1944, when Yukikaze, Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki helped to finish off the already crippled destroyer USS Johnston. In exchange, loss after loss piled up. On 10 January, Amatsukaze was damaged beyond repair, blown in half to a torpedo fired from the submarine USS Redfin. The forward half rapidly sank, while the rear half stayed afloat and was towed to Singapore.[9] In February, Maikaze was sunk off Truk by the heavy cruisers USS New Orleans and Minneapolis and the battleship New Jersey. In April, Redfin also torpedoed and sank Akigumo, while later that June, Tanikaze was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Harder, before the rest of the class saw escorting duties during the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In October, the remaining six functional ships of the class took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Hamakaze was damaged by air attacks on the 24th and forced to withdraw from the battle, while Shrianui escaped the Battle of the Surigao Strait without damage. Yukikaze, Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki fought Taffy 3 at the Battle off Samar, firing torpedoes at the US escort carriers without obtaining a hit before as stated helping to sink Johnston. However, as the Japanese ships attempted to escape, Nowaki was sunk with all hands, crippled by gunfire from US cruisers and finished off by the destroyer USS Owen, while Shiranui was sunk with all hands by aircraft from the carrier USS Enterprise. With the American invasion of the Philippines becoming increasingly successful, the remaining ships retreated to mainland Japan, during which Urakaze was sunk with all hands by the submarine USS Sealion in the same attack that sank the battleship Kongō. Upon returning to Japan, Yukikaze, Isokaze, and Hamakaze escorted the newly completed aircraft carrier Shinano, during which she was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Archerfish.[12]

Only four ships of the class were still around by 1945, only three of which were functional. Throughout March and April, the Japanese command repeatedly hatched plans to deliver the still un-repaired Amatsukaze to mainland Japan, but each plan failed, culminating on April 6 when Amatsukaze was finally destroyed by land-based aircraft.[9] The same day of Amatsukaze's destruction, Yukikaze, Isokaze, and Hamakaze departed Japan as escorts for the battleship Yamato during Operation Ten-Go. En route the next day, the force was attack by nearly 400 carrier aircraft. Alongside the sinking of Yamato, Hamakaze was sunk by torpedo bombers from the light carrier USS San Jacinto, while Isokaze was fatally damaged by bomb hits from the light carriers USS Bataan and USS Belleau Wood, resulting in Yukikaze scuttling the last of her sister ships, leaving her as the last Kagerō-class destroyer still afloat. For the rest of the war, Yukikaze saw a series of costal patrol duties, and by the end of the war, due to fuel shortages, was demoted to an anti-aircraft platform, surviving several air attacks by US carriers and survived for Emperor Hirohito to announce plans for an unconditional surrender on 15 August 1945, becoming one of only a handful of Japanese destroyers to survive the war.[17][12]

The former Yukikaze in Taiwanese service

Yukikaze was the only ship of the Kagerō class to survive the war, and was used to transport Japanese prisoners of war back to their homeland, and was heavily inspected post war by US Navy officials for documentation, before being transferred to the Taiwanese Navy in 1947. During her service as ROCS Dan Yang, the former Yukikaze took part in two shore bombardment missions, and captured two oil tankers and a cargo ship, alongside having over 50,000 overseas Chinese civilians tour the destroyer during a visit to Manila. The former Yukikaze was eventually decommissioned in 1966 after being damaged in a storm, and finally sold for scrapping material in 1970. Yukikaze's rudder and one of her propellers are preserved in museums.[18]

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Not pictured: Hayashio and Hatsukaze

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Stille, Mark (2013). Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 9–15. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.
  2. ^ Chesneau, p. 194
  3. ^ a b Whitley, pp. 200–01
  4. ^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 148
  5. ^ Hara (1961) Chapter 11
  6. ^ Hara (1961) Chapter 13
  7. ^ a b c "IJN Oyashio: Tabular Record of Movement".
  8. ^ "IJN MAYA: Tabular Record of Movement".
  9. ^ a b c 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (2018-02-04). "天津風【陽炎型駆逐艦 九番艦】その1Amatsukaze【Kagero-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  10. ^ Battle 360; Vengeance at Midway (S1, E2)
  11. ^ Hara (1961) Chapter 20
  12. ^ a b c d 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (2018-02-04). "雪風【陽炎型駆逐艦 八番艦】その1Yukikaze【Kagero-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  13. ^ "IJN Tanikaze: Tabular Record of Movement".
  14. ^ "DD-570 DANFS". www.hazegray.org. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  15. ^ Hara (1961) Chapter 26
  16. ^ 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (2018-02-04). "初風【陽炎型駆逐艦 七番艦】Hatsukaze【Kagero-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
  17. ^ "San Jacinto II (CVL-30)". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  18. ^ 聯合報. "【不死鳥丹陽艦／下】曾是海軍狀元分發首選 退役被拆零件分送台日兩地遙望 | 聯合報". 聯合報數位版 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-11-11.

References

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  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.

Further reading

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  • "Rekishi Gunzō"., History of Pacific War Vol.64 Mutsuki class destroyer, Gakken (Japan), May 2008, ISBN 978-4-05-605091-2
  • Collection of writings by Sizuo Fukui Vol.5, Stories of Japanese Destroyers, Kōjinsha (Japan) 1993, ISBN 4-7698-0611-6
  • Model Art Extra No.340, Drawings of Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels Part-1, Model Art Co. Ltd. (Japan), October 1989, Book code 08734-10
  • Daiji Katagiri, Ship Name Chronicles of the Imperial Japanese Navy Combined Fleet, Kōjinsha (Japan), June 1988, ISBN 4-7698-0386-9
  • The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.41 Japanese Destroyers I, Ushio Shobō (Japan), July 1980, Book code 68343-42
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